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���Č�(d��o)�x��1�λ������ 1.1ԭ����(ji��n)�� 1.2��˹�ط��̵đ�(y��ng)�� 1.3�x���x��늘O 1.4ֱ���λ�� 1.5�λ�ζ��� 1.6�λ�ζ����Č�(sh��)�(y��n)��(sh��)��(j��)̎�� 1.7�λ�y(c��)������(du��)�`���u(p��ng)�r(ji��) chapter 1 potentiometry 1.1 introduction 1.2 indicator electrodes 1.3 ion selective electrode ��ph electrode�� 1.3.1 metallic electrodes 1.3.2 membrane electrodes 1.3.3 glass membrane electrodes 1.3.4 crystalline solid—state electrodes 1.3.5 liquid membrane ises 1.4 analytical applications of potentiometry 1.4.1 direct measurement of an ion concentration 1.4.2 potentiometric titrations 1.4.3 ph measurements 1.4.4 errors in ph measurement with glass electrodes 1.4.5 ph titrations 1.4.6 titrations of weak acids and bases 1.5 suggested experiments 1.6 problems ���Č�(d��o)�x��2����—��Ҋ�ֹ��ȷ� 2.1���P(gu��n)֪�R(sh��) 2.2ԭ����(ji��n)�� 2.3�ֹ���Ӌ(j��) chapter 2 ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy 2.1 introduction 2.2 electromagnetic radiation 2.2.1 what is electromagnetic radiation 2.2.2 uv—vis spectmm 2.3 molecules and molecular spectroscopy 2.3.1 rotational transitions in molecules 2.3.2 vibrational transitions in molecules 2.3.3 electronic transitions in molecules 2.4 lambert—beer's law 2.4.1 absorbance and transmittance 2.4.2 lambert—beer's law 2.4.3 deviations from beer's law 2.5 instrumentation in the uv��visible 2.5.1 radiation source 2.5.2 wavelength selection device 2.5.3 sample holder 2.5.4 detector 2.5.5 single—beam and double—beam instruments 2.6 quantitative analysis by absorption measurements 2.6.1 procedural details 2.6.2 methods in quantitative analysis 2.6.3 analysis of mixtures of absorbing substances 2.7 accuracy&precision in uv��vis absorption spectrometry 2.8 suggested experiments 2.9 problems ���Č�(d��o)�x��3ԭ�����շֹ��ȷ� 3.1����ԭ�� 3.2ԭ�����շֹ��ȃx��Ҫ�������ܺ�(ji��n)�� chapter 3 atomic absorption spectroscopy 3.1 introduction 3.2 absorption of radiant energy by atoms 3.2.1 boltzmann distribution 3.2.2 measurements by atomic absorption 3.3 instrumentation 3.3.1 radiation sollrces 3.3.2 atomizers 3.3.3 monochromator 3.3.4 detectors 3.4 correction of interfering absorptions 3.5 analytical applications of aas 3.5.1 qualitative analysis 3.5.2 quantitative analysis 3.6 suggested experiments 3.7 problems ���Č�(d��o)�x��4����ɫ�V������ 4.1ɫ�V����(ji��n)�� 4.2����ԭ�� 4.3ɫ�V���ķ�� 4.4����ɫ�V�x��ɫ�V���������D 4.5�M���c�̶�������� 4.6�������ؼ��g(sh��) 4.7ɫ�V���x���A(ch��)��Փ 4.8�������w���xЧ����ָ��(bi��o)——���x��r chapter 4 gas chromatography 4.1 introduction 4.2 background in formation of chromatography 4.3 general concepts of analytical chromatography 4.4 the chromatogram 4.5 retention parameters 4.5.1 retention times 4.5.2 retention volume ��or elution volume�� vr 4.5.3 hold—up volume ��or dead volume�� vm 4.5.4 retention ��or capacity�� factor k 4.6 separation factor between two solutes 4.7 resolution factor between two peaks 4.8 techniques by physical state of mobile phase 4.8.1 gas chromatography��gc�� 4.8.2 liquid chromatography ��lc�� 4.9 essential theories of chromatography 4.9.1 the plate theory 4.9.2 the rate theory of chromatography 4.9.3 golay's equation 4.10 optimization of a chromatographic analysis 4.11 gas chromatography 4.11.1 components of a gc installation 4.11.2 mobile phase 4.11.3 chromatographic columns 4.11.4 stationary phases 4.11.5 sample introduction 4.11.6 temperature control 4.11.7 detectors for gas chromatography 4.12 quantitative analysis 4.12.1 analyses based on peak height 4.12.2 analyses based on peak areas 4.12.3 calibration and standards 4.12.4 the internal—standard method 4.12.5 the area—normalization method 4.12.6 quantitative applications of gc 4.13 qualitative analysis 4.13.1 the retention index 4.13.2 evaluation 4.13.3 gc coupled with spectroscopic detection 4.14 problems ���Č�(d��o)�x��5��ЧҺ��ɫ�V������ 5.1 ��ЧҺ��ɫ�V��(ji��n)�� 5.2��ЧҺ��ɫ�V���c����ɫ�V���ı��^ 5.3��ЧҺ��ɫ�V��Ҫ��� 5.4��ЧҺ��ɫ�V�x 5.5�ݶ�ϴÓ���g(sh��) chapter 5 high—performance liquid chromatography 5.1 introduction 5.2 the beginnings of hplc 5.3 general concept of an hplc system 5.4 pumps and gradient elution 5.4.1 pumps 5.4.2 low and high pressure gradients 5.7 stationary phases 5.9 detectors for hplc 5.10 quantitative applications 5.12 evolution and applications of hplc 5.13 problems …… ���Č�(d��o)�x��6�t����V�� chapter 6 infrared spectroscopy ���Č�(d��o)�x��7�|(zh��)�V�� chapter 7 mass spectrometry