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Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Factors 1
1��1 What is Human Factors 2
1��1��1 Concept of Human Factors 2
1��1��2 Domain of Human Factors 7
1��2 Goals of Human Factors 11
1��3 History of Human Factors 14
1��3��1 The Origin and Development of Human Factors 14
1��3��2 The Development of Human Factors in China 18
1��4 Areas of Ergonomics Research and Practice 20
1��4��1 Research Content 20
1��4��2 Application Areas 24
References 26
Chapter 2 Methods in Human Factors 27
2��1 Taxonomy 28
2��2 Descriptive Method 30
2��2��1 Scenario 30
2��2��2 Variable 31
2��2��3 Subjects 31
2��2��4 Data Collection �� Analysis 32
2��3 Experimental Method 35
2��3��1 Scenario 35
2��3��2 Variable 36
2��3��3 Subjects 37
2��3��4 Data Collection �� Analysis 37
2��4 Evaluation Method 40
2��4��1 Scenario 40
2��4��2 Variable 41
2��4��3 Subjects 42
2��4��4 Data Collection �� Analysis 42
References 46
Chapter 3 Anthropometry 47
3��1 What is Anthropometry 48
3��2 Terminology 51
3��2��1 Basic Posture 51
3��2��2 Measurement Plane 53
3��3 How Dimensions Measured�� Collected �� Processed 55
3��3��1 Conventional Methods 55
3��3��2 Three Dimensional (3D) Anthropometry 56
3��4 Applications 62
3��4��1 Digital Human Modeling and Simulation 62
3��4��2 Product Design for Special Population 68
3��4��3 Crowd Simulation 71
3��4��4 Virtual Try-on 73
3��5 International Anthropometric Standards 75
References 77
Chapter 4 Physiology 78
4��1 Structure of Muscles 79
4��2 Energy Production 83
4��2��1 Energy Supply 83
4��2��2 Classification of Energy Metabolism 85
4��3 Circulatory �� Respiratory System 87
4��3��1 The Circulatory System 87
4��3��2 The Respiratory System 89
4��3��3 The Connection between the Respiratory System and Circulatory System 91
4��4 Energy Expenditure 93
4��5��1 Physical Work Capacity �� Energy Expenditure Limits 97
4��5��2 How to Measure Energy Expenditure 97
References 101
Chapter 5 Fatigue �� Musculoskeletal Disorders 102
5��1 Definition 103
5��1��1 Fatigue 103
5��1��2 Musculoskeletal Disorders 107
5��2 Types 108
5��3 Factors 111
5��3��1 Physical Factors 111
5��3��2 Organizational Factors�� Psychosocial Factors and Individual Factors 113
5��4 Recovery 114
5��5 Case Study 116
References 117
Chapter 6 Occupational Biomechanics 119
6��1 Biomechanics �� Occupational Biomechanics 120
6��1��1 Biomechanics 120
6��1��2 Occupational Biomechanics 122
6��2 Biomechanical Models 130
6��2��1 Introduction of Biomechanical Models 130
6��2��2 The 2D Static Strength Model 131
6��3 Low Back Biomechanics and Manual Material Handling 135
6��3��1 Low Back Biomechanics and Manual Material Handling 135
6��3��2 NIOSH Lifting Equation 137
References 144
Chapter 7 Visual System 146
7��1 Light 147
7��1��1 The Sources of the Light 147
7��1��2 Color System 148
7��1��3 The Visual Receptor System 150
7��2 Illumination 154
7��2��1 Measurement of Light 154
7��2��2 Contrast Sensitivity 155
7��3 Visual Perception 157
7��3��1 Top-down vs�� Bottom-up 157
7��3��2 Depth Perception 158
7��4 Visual Search 161
7��4��1 Serial Search 161
7��4��2 Parallel Search 162
References 168
Chapter 8 Auditory System 169
8��1 Mechanics of Sound 170
8��1��1 Wave�� Frequency�� Amplitude and Intensity 171
8��1��2 Measuring the Intensity of Sound 172
8��2 Structure of Human Ear 174
8��2��1 The Outer Ear 174
8��2��2 The Middle Ear 175
8��2��3 The Inner Ear 175
8��3 Perception of Sound 177
8��3��1 Loudness and Pitch 177
8��3��2 Sound Source Location 178
8��3��3 Hearing Loss 180
8��4 Noise 182
8��4��1 Assessing and Controlling Noise Risks 183
8��4��2 Hearing Protection 184
8��5 Case Study 185
References 186
Chapter 9 Other Perception Channels 187
9��1 Tactile Perception 188
9��1��1 Definition of Tactile Perception 189
9��1��2 Applications of Tactile Perception 190
9��2 Vestibular Sensation 192
9��2��1 Vestibular System 192
9��2��2 Semicircular Canal System 192
9��2��3 Otolithic Organs 195
9��2��4 Equilibrioception 197
References 198
Chapter 10 Displays 200
10��1 Introduction of Displays 201
10��1��1 Concepts of Displays 201
10��1��2 The Way of Displays�� Classification 202
10��2 Display design 203
10��2��1 Principles of Display Design 203
10��2��2 Coding Schema 206
10��3 Navigation Displays 208
10��3��1 Line Table and Instruction Display 209
10��3��2 Maps 210
10��4 Adaptive Multimodal Displays 215
10��4��1 Multimodal Interaction 215
10��4��2 Adaptive Multimodal Displays 218
References 223
Chapter 11 Stress �� Mental Workload 224
11��1 Concept �� Possible Effects of Stress 226
11��2 Yerkes-Dodson Law 227
11��3 What is Mental Workload 229
11��4 Mental Workload Measurement 230
11��4��1 Primary-task Performance Measures 230
11��4��2 Secondary-task Performance Measures 231
11��4��3 Physiological Measures 234
11��4��4 Subjective Evaluation Measures 235
References 239
Chapter 12 Applications in Daily Life 241
12��1 Traditional Transportation 242
12��1��1 Driver Information Systems 242
12��1��2 Advanced Driver-assistance Systems 245
12��1��3 Autonomous Cars 246
12��2 E-business 249
12��3 Design for the Aged 254
12��4 Design for the Disabled 258
References 261

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