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Chapter 1 Introduction: What Is Anthropology?..............................1 1.Introduction..........................................................2 2. Physical/Biological Anthropology..................................3 3.Archaeology..........................................................4 4. Linguistic Anthropology...........................................5 5. Cultural Anthropology................................................6 6.Conclusion..............................................................7 Chapter 2 What Is Culture?..............................................11 1.Introduction..............................................................12 2. Main Features of Culture.................................................13 3. Cultural Transmission (Enculturation).................................14 4. Cultural Changes......................................................15 5. Cultural Universals vs. Cultural Differences.............. ... ........16 6.Conclusion...........................................................17 Chapter 3 Understanding and Explaining Culture........................23 1.Introduction...........................................................24 2. Nineteenth-Century Evolutionism........................................25 3. Boasian Anthropology...................................................26 4. French Sociology & British Functionalism................................27 5. Materialist Approaches..................................................28 6. Structuralism & Cognitive Anthropology..................................29 7. Recent Theories.........................................................30 8. Conclusion............................................................31 Chapter 4 Methods of Cultural Anthropology................................37 1. Introduction.............................................................38 2. Ethnography in a Historical Perspective........................... ....39 3. Stages of Field Research.................................................40 4. Data Collection Techniques..............................................41 5. Conclusion...............................................................43 Chapter 5 Language and Communication...................................49 1. Introduction...........................................................50 2. Uniqueness of Human Language...........................................50 3. Origin and History of Language.........................................51 4. Language and Cognition.................................................53 5. Major Fields of Structural Linguistics.................................54 6. Other Branches of Linguistics..........................................55 7. Sociolinguistics.......................................................56 8. Non-Verbal Communication..............................................58 9. Conclusion.............................................................59 Chapter 6 Subsistence Strategies..........................................63 1. Introduction............................................................64 2. Foraging................................................................65 3. Horticulture...........................................................67 4. Pastoralism.............................................................68 5. Intensive Agriculture...............................................70 6. Industrialized Agriculture..........................................71 7. Conclusion..........................................................73 Chapter 7 Economic Systems.......................... ...............77 1. Introduction.........................................................78 2. Modes of Production..................................................79 3. Modes of Distribution................................................81 4. Modes of Consumption.................................................85 5. Conclusion...........................................................87 Chapter 8 Marriage and the Family......................................91 1. Introduction.........................................................92 2. Marriage: An Overview................................................93 3. Marriage Rules.......................................................94 4. Marriage and Economic Exchange.......................................98 5. Forms of the Family..................................................99 6. Residence Patterns................................................99 7. Conclusion..........................................................100 Chapter 9 Kinship System..............................................105 1. Introduction..................................................106 2. Descent Groups...................................................107 3. Unilineal Descent Groups.........................................107 4. Cognatic (Non-Unilineal) Descent Groups..........................112 5. Kinship Classification...........................................113 6. Conclusion.......................................................115 Chapter 10 Sex and Gender...........................................121 1. Introduction.....................................................122 2. Alternative Sex/Gender...........................................123 3. Human Sexuality..................................................124 4. Rites of Passage..................................................127 5. Gender Roles......................................................128 6. Is Male Dominance Universal?......................................129 7. Consequences of Gender Stratification..............................129 8. Conclusion.........................................................130 Chapter 11 Social Stratification.....................................135 1. Introduction........................................................136 2. Types of Societies..................................................137 3. Stratified Societies................................................137 4. Race, Racism & Ethnicity............................................142 5. Patterns of Ethnic Relations.........................................143 6. Conclusion..........................................................145 Chapter 12 Political Life.............................................149 1. Introduction....................................................150 2. Uncentralized Political Organizations.............................151 3. Centralized Political Organizations................................151 4. Social Control.....................................................153 5. Conclusion.........................................................159 Chapter 13 Religion and Magic.........................................163 1. Introduction.........................................................164 2. Functions of Religion................................................165 3. Development of Religion..............................................166 4. Magic............................................................166 5. Other Practices...................................................167 6. Types of Religious Organizations...................................168 7. Conclusion........................................................171 Chapter 14 The Arts..............................................177 1. Introduction......................................................178 2. Visual Arts.......................................................179 3. Verbal Arts........................................................180 4. Performing Arts....................................................181 5. Popular Culture....................................................182 6. Conclusion.......................................................184 Chapter 15 Health and Illness.......................................189 1. Introduction...................................................190 2. Defining Health Problems.........................................191 3. A Health System..................................................192 4. Three Theoretical Approaches.....................................198 5. Global Health Issues.............................................199 6. Conclusion.......................................................200 Chapter 16 Applied Anthropology.......................................205 1. Introduction........................................................206 2. Traditional Applied Anthropology....................................207 3. Applied Cultural Anthropology.......................................209 4. Three Theoretical Approaches to Globalization and International Development...........................................................211 5. Challenges of Globalization........................................213 6. Conclusion.........................................................214 References...........................................................219 Pictures.............................................................229