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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 HISTOLOGY & ITS METHODS OF STUDY 1
1 PREPARATION OF TISSUES FOR STUDY 2
2 LIGHT MICROSCOPY 4
3 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 7
4 CELL & TISSUE CULTURE 8
5 HISTOCHEMISTRY 8
6 VISUALIZING SPECIFIC MOLECULES 10
7 INTERPRETATION OF STRUCTURES IN TISSUE SECTIONS 12
CHAPTER 2 EPITHELIAL TISSUE 13
1 COVERING EPITHELIA 13
2 SECRETORY EPITHELIA & GLANDS 16
3 CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS 21
CHAPTER 3 CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER 28
1 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE 28
2 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE 39
3 ADIPOSE TISSUE 41
4 RETICULAR TISSUE 42
CHAPTER 4 CARTILAGE AND BONE 44
1 CARTILAGE 44
2 BONE 49
CHAPTER 5 BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS 60
1 BLOOD CELLS 61
2 HEMOPOIESIS 69
CHAPTER 6 MUSCLE TISSUE 77
1 SKELETAL MUSCLE 77
2 CARDIAC MUSCLE 84
3 SMOOTH MUSCLE 85
CHAPTER 7 NERVE TISSUE 88
1 NEURON 88
2 SYNAPSE 91
3 GLIAL CELLS 93
4 NERVE FIBERS AND NERVES 97
5 NERVE ENDINGS 101
6 NEURAL PLASTICITY & REGENERATION 104
CHAPTER 8 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 106
1 CEREBRAL CORTEX 106
2 CEREBELLAR CORTEX 108
3 SPINAL CORD 110
4 GANGLIA 111
5 MENINGES 112
6 BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 114
7 CHOROID PLEXUS AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID 114
CHAPTER 9 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 116
1 HEART 117
2 TISSUES OF THE VASCULAR WALL 118
3 ARTERIES 121
4 CAPILLARY 124
5 VEINS 126
6 LYMPHATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM 128
CHAPTER 10 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 131
1 INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 131
2 CELLS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 132
3 LYMPHOID ORGANS 134
4 MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE 143
CHAPTER 11 SKIN 146
1 EPIDERMIS 147
2 DERMIS 152
3 SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE 152
4 SENSORY RECEPTORS 152
5 HAIR 154
6 SKIN GLANDS 155
7 NAILS 157
CHAPTER 12 EYE AND EAR 159
1 EYE 159
2 EAR 169
CHAPTER 13 ENDOCRINE GLANDS 179
1 PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) 179
2 ADRENAL GLANDS 185
3 THYROID GLAND 187
4 PARATHYROID GLANDS 189
5 PINEAL GLAND 190
6 DIFFUSE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM 191
CHAPTER 14 DIGESTIVE TRACT 193
1 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT 193
2 ORAL CAVITY 194
3 ESOPHAGUS 199
4 STOMACH 200
5 SMALL INTESTINE 205
6 LARGE INTESTINE 210
CHAPTER 15 ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT 214
1 SALIVARY GLANDS 214
2 PANCREAS 217
3 LIVER 220
4 BILIARY TRACT & GALLBLADDER 228
CHAPTER 16 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 229
1 NASAL CAVITIES 229
2 NASOPHARYNX 231
3 LARYNX 231
4 TRACHEA 232
5 BRONCHIAL TREE & LUNG 232
6 LUNG VASCULATURE & NERVES 240
7 PLEURAL MEMBRANES 241
CHAPTER 17 URINARY SYSTEM 242
1 KIDNEYS 242
2 URETERS�� BLADDER�� & URETHRA 252
CHAPTER 18 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 255
1 TESTES 255
2 GENITAL DUCTS 262
3 ACCESSORY GLANDS 265
4 PENIS 267
CHAPTER 19 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 269
1 OVARIES 269
2 UTERINE TUBES 277
3 UTERUS 279
4 CERVIX 283
5 VAGINA 283
6 MAMMARY GLANDS 285
CHAPTER 20 INTRODUCTION TO EMBRYOLOGY 288
1 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PRENATAL PERIOD 288
2 BRANCHES OF EMBRYOLOGY 288
3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF EMBRYOLOGY 289
4 SIGNIFICANCE OF EMBRYOLOGY 291
CHAPTER 21 GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 292
1 GAMETOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION 292
2 FORMATION OF THE BLASTULA AND IMPLANTATION 301
3 DEVELOPMENT OF GERM LAYERS 306
4 DIFFERENTIATION OF THREE GERM LAYERS AND FOLDING OF THE EMBRYO 308
5 FETAL MEMBRANES AND PLACENTA 321
6 TWINS�� MULTIPLE BIRTHS�� CONJOINED TWINS 331
7 ESTIMATION OF AGE AND METHODS OF MEASURING EMBRYOS 333
CHAPTER 22 DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAD�� NECK AND LIMBS 336
1 EARLY ORGANIZATON OF THE HEAD AND NECK REGION 336
2 EVOLUTION OF THE BRANCHIAL ARCHES�� BRANCHIAL CLEFTS�� AND PHARYNGEAL POUCHES 337
3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE TONGUE 339
4 DEVELOPMENT OF THE THYROID GLAND 341
5 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS 341
6 FORMATION OF THE FACE�� JAWS�� AND NASAL CHAMBERS 342
7 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PALATE 345
8 DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH 346
9 LIMB DEVELOPMENT 347
10 COMMON MALFORMATIONS OF THE FACE�� NECK�� AND LIMBS 349
CHAPTER 23 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS 351
1 DEVELOPMENT OF ESOPHAGUS 351
2 DEVELOPMENT OF STOMACH 351
3 DEVELOPMENT OF INTESTINES 354
4 DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER�� GALLBLADDER AND PANCREAS 355
5 MALFORMATIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 356
6 DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 358
7 DEVELOPMENT OF LARYNX AND TRACHEA 358
8 DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRONCHI AND LUNGS 358
9 CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 359
CHAPTER 24 DEVELOPMENT OF THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM 361
1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE URINARY SYSTEM 361
2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENITAL SYSTEM 368
CHAPTER 25 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 378
1 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRIMORDIAL CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 378
2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEART 379
3 DERIVATIVES OF THE AORTIC ARCHES 384
4 FETAL BLOOD CIRCULATION AND CHANGES IN THE CIRCULATION AFTER BIRTH 384
5 CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 387
CHAPTER 26 DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 391
1 DIFFERENTIATION OF NEUROEPITHELIUM 391
2 DEVELOPMENT OF GRAY AND WHITE MATTER IN THE SPINAL CORD 393
3 POSITIONAL CHANGES OF THE SPINAL CORD 394
4 EARLY MORPHOGENESIS OF THE BRAIN 395
5 HISTOGENESIS OF CEREBELLAR CORTEX 397
6 HISTOGENESIS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX 398
7 DEVELOPMENT OF GANGLION AND PERIPHERAL NERVE 400
8 COMMON MALFORMATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 400
CHAPTER 27 DEVELOPMENT OF EYE AND