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Chapter 1 Signal Integrity Is in Your Future
1��1 What Are Signal Integrity�� Power Integrity�� and Electromagnetic Compatibility?
1��2 Signal-Integrity Effects on One Net
1��3 Cross Talk
1��4 Rail-Collapse Noise
1��5 ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI)
1��6 Two Important Signal-Integrity Generalizations
1��7 Trends in Electronic Products
1��8 The Need for a New Design Methodology
1��9 A New Product Design Methodology
1��10 Simulations
1��11 Modeling and Models
1��12 Creating Circuit Models from Calculation
1��13 Three Types of Measurements
1��14 The Role of Measurements
1��15 The Bottom Line
Chapter 2 Time and Frequency Domains
2��1 The Time Domain
2��2 Sine Waves in the Frequency Domain
2��3 Shorter Time to a Solution in the Frequency Domain
2��4 Sine-Wave Features
2��5 The Fourier Transform
2��6 The Spectrum of a Repetitive Signal
2��7 The Spectrum of an Ideal Square Wave
2��8 From the Frequency Domain to the Time Domain
2��9 Effect of Bandwidth on Rise Time
2��10 Bandwidth and Rise Time
2��11 What Does Significant Mean?
2��12 Bandwidth of Real Signals
2��13 Bandwidth and Clock Frequency
2��14 Bandwidth of a Measurement
2��15 Bandwidth of a Model
2��16 Bandwidth of an Interconnect
2��17 The Bottom Line
Chapter 3 Impedance and Electrical Models
3��1 Describing Signal-Integrity Solutions in Terms of Impedance
3��2 What Is Impedance?
3��3 Real Versus Ideal Circuit Elements
3��4 Impedance of an Ideal Resistor in the Time Domain
3��5 Impedance of an Ideal Capacitor in the Time Domain
3��6 Impedance of an Ideal Inductor in the Time Domain
3��7 Impedance in the Frequency Domain
3��8 Equivalent Electrical Circuit Models
3��9 Circuit Theory and SPICE
3��10 Introduction to Measurement-Based Modeling
3��11 The Bottom Line
Chapter 4 The Physical Basis of Resistance
4��1 Translating Physical Design into Electrical Performance
4��2 The Only Good Approximation for the Resistance of Interconnects
4��3 Bulk Resistivity
4��4 Resistance per Length
4��5 Sheet Resistance
4��6 The Bottom Line
Chapter 5 The Physical Basis of Capacitance
5��1 Current Flow in Capacitors
5��2 The Capacitance of a Sphere
5��3 Parallel Plate Approximation
5��4 Dielectric Constant
5��5 Power and Ground Planes and Decoupling Capacitance
5��6 Capacitance per Length
5��7 2D Field Solvers
5��8 Effective Dielectric Constant
5��9 The Bottom Line
Chapter 6 The Physical Basis of Inductance
6��1 What Is Inductance?
6��2 Inductance Principle 1�� There Are Circular Rings of Magnetic-Field Lines Around All Currents
6��3 Inductance Principle 2�� Inductance Is the Number of Webers of Field Line Rings Around a Conductor per Amp of Current Through It
6��4 Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance
6��5 Inductance Principle 3�� When the Number of Field Line Rings Around a Conductor Changes�� There Will Be a Voltage Induced Across the Ends of the Conductor
6��6 Partial Inductance
6��7 Effective�� Total�� or Net Inductance and Ground Bounce
6��8 Loop Self- and Mutual Inductance
6��9 The Power Distribution Network (PDN) and Loop Inductance
6��10 Loop Inductance per Square of Planes
6��11 Loop Inductance of Planes and Via Contacts
6��12 Loop Inductance of Planes with a Field of Clearance Holes
6��13 Loop Mutual Inductance
6��14 Equivalent Inductance of Multiple Inductors
6��15 Summary of Inductance
6��16 Current Distributions and Skin Depth
6��17 High-Permeability Materials
6��18 Eddy Currents
6��19 The Bottom Line
Chapter 7 The Physical Basis of Transmission Lines
7��1 Forget the Word Ground
7��2 The Signal
7��3 Uniform Transmission Lines
7��4 The Speed of Electrons in Copper
7��5 The Speed of a Signal in a Transmission Line
7��6 Spatial Extent of the Leading Edge
7��7 ��Be the Signal��
7��8 The Instantaneous Impedance of a Transmission Line
7��9 Characteristic Impedance and Controlled Impedance
7��10 Famous Characteristic Impedances
7��11 The Impedance of a Transmission Line
7��12 Driving a Transmission Line
7��13 Return Paths
7��14 When Return Paths Switch Reference Planes
7��15 A First-Order Model of a Transmission Line
7��16 Calculating Characteristic Impedance with Approximations
7��17 Calculating the Characteristic Impedance with a 2D Field Solver
7��18 An n-Section Lumped-Circuit Model
7��19 Frequency Variation of the Characteristic Impedance
7��20 The Bottom Line
Chapter 8 Transmission Lines and Reflections
8��1 Reflections at Impedance Changes
8��2 Why Are There Reflections?
8��3 Reflections from Resistive Loads
8��4 Source Impedance
8��5 Bounce Diagrams
8��6 Simulating Reflected Waveforms
8��7 Measuring Reflections with a TDR
8��8 Transmission Lines and Unintentional Discontinuities
8��9 When to Terminate
8��10 The Most Common Termination Strategy for Point-to-Point Topology
8��11 Reflections from Short Series Transmission Lines
8��12 Reflections from Short-Stub Transmission Lines
8��13 Reflections from Capacitive End Terminations
8��14 Reflections from Capacitive Loads in the Middle of a Trace
8��15 Capacitive Delay Adders
8��16 Effects of Corners and Vias
8��17 Loaded Lines
8��18 Reflections from Inductive Discontinuities
8��19 Compensation
8��20 The Bottom Line
Chapter 9 Lossy Lines�� Rise-Time Degradation�� and Material Properties
9��1 Why Worry About Lossy Lines?
9��2 Losses in Transmission Lines
9��3 Sources of Loss�� Conductor Resistance and Skin Depth
9��4 Sources of Loss�� The Dielectric
9��5 Dissipation Factor
9��6 The Real Meaning of Dissipation Factor
9��7 Modeling Lossy Transmission Lines
9��8 Characteristic Impedance of a Lossy Transmission Line
9��9 Signal Velocity in a Lossy Transmission Line
9��10 Attenuation and dB
9��11 Attenuation in Lossy Lines
9��12 Measured Properties of a Lossy Line in the Frequency Domain
9��13 The Bandwidth of an Interconnect
9��14 Time-Domain Behavior of Lossy Lines
9��15 Improving the Eye Diagram of a Transmission Line
9��16 How Much Attenuation Is Too Much?
9��17 The Bottom Line
Chapter 10 Cross Talk in Transmission Lines
10��1 Superposition
10��2 Origin of Coupling�� Capacitance and Inductance
10��3 Cross Talk in Transmission Lines�� NEXT and FEXT
10��4 Describing Cross Talk
10��5 The SPICE Capacitance Matrix
10��6 The Maxwell Capacitance Matrix and 2D Field Solvers
10��7 The Inductance Matrix
10��8 Cross Talk in Uniform Transmission Lines and Saturation Length
10��9 Capacitively Coupled Currents
10��10 Inductively Coupled Currents
10��11 Near-End Cross Talk
10��12 Far-End Cross Talk
10��13 Decreasing Far-End Cross Talk
10��14 Simulating Cross Talk
10��15 Guard Traces
10��16 Cross Talk and Dielectric Constant
10��17 Cross Talk and Timing
10��18 Switching Noise
10��19 Summary of Reducing Cross Talk
10��20 The Bottom Line
Chapter 11 Differential Pairs and Differential Impedance
11��1 Differential Signaling
11��2 A Differential Pair
11��3 Differential Impedance with No Coupling
11��4 The Impact from Coupling
11��5 Calculating Differential Impedance
11��6 The Return-Current Distribution in a Differential Pair
11��7 Odd and Even Modes
11��8 Differential Impedance and Odd-Mode Impedance
11��9 Common Impedance and Even-Mode Impedance
11��10 Differential and Common Signals and Odd- and Even-Mode Voltage Components
11��11 Velocity of Each Mode and Far-End Cross Talk
11��12 Ideal Coupled Transmission-Line Model or an Ideal Differential Pair
11��13 Measuring Even- and Odd-Mode Impedance
11��14 Terminating Differential and Common Signals
11��15 Conversion of Differential to Common Signals
11��16 EMI and Common Signals
11��17 Cross Talk in Differential Pairs
11��18 Crossing a Gap in the Return Path
11��19 To Tightly Couple or Not to Tightly Couple
11��20 Calculating Odd and Even Modes from Capacitance- and Inductance-Matrix Elements
11��21 The Impedance Matrix
11��22 The Bottom Line
Chapter 12 S-Parameters for Signal-Integrity Applications
12��1 S-Parameters�� the New Universal Metric
12��2 What Are S-Parameters?
12��3 Basic S-Parameter Formalism
12��4 S-Parameter Matrix Elements
12��5 Introducing the Return and Insertion Loss
12��6 A Transparent Interconnect
12��7 Changing the Port Impedance
12��8 The Phase of S21 for a Uniform 50-Ohm Transmission Line
12��9 The Magnitude of S21 for a Uniform Transmission Line
12��10 Coupling to Other Transmission Lines
12��11 Insertion Loss for Non-50-Ohm Transmission Lines
12��12 Data-Mining S-Parameters
12��13 Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters
12��14 Differential Insertion Loss
12��15 The Mode Conversion Terms
12��16 Converting to Mixed-Mode S-Parameters
12��17 Time and Frequency Domains
12��18 The Bottom Line
Chapter 13 The Power Distribution Network (PDN)
13��1 The Problem
13��2 The Root Cause
13��3 The Most Important Design Guidelines for the PDN
13��4 Establishing the Target Impedance Is Hard
13��5 Every Product Has a Unique PDN Requirement
13��6 Engineering the PDN
13��7 The VRM
13��8 Simulating Impedance with SPICE
13��9 On-Die Capacitance
13��10 The Package Barrier
13��11 The PDN with No Decoupling Capacitors
13��12 The MLCC Capacitor
13��13 The Equivalent Series Inductance
13��14 Approximating Loop Inductance
13��15 Optimizing the Mounting of Capacitors
13��16 Combining Capacitors in Parallel
13��17 Engineering a Reduced Parallel Resonant Peak by Adding More Capacitors
13��18 Selecting Capacitor Values
13��19 Estimating the Number of Capacitors Needed
13��20 How Much Does a nH Cost?
13��21 Quantity or Specific Values?
13��22 Sculpting the Impedance Profiles�� The Frequency-Domain Target Impedance Method (FDTIM)
13��23 When Every pH Counts
13��24 Location�� Location�� Location
13��25 When Spreading Inductance Is the Limitation
13��26 The Chip View
13��27 Bringing It All Together
13��28 The Bottom Line
Appendix A 100+ General Design Guidelines to Minimize Signal-Integrity Problems
Appendix B 100 Collected Rules of Thumb to Help Estimate Signal-Integrity Effects
Appendix C Selected References