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Chapter 1 Identification of functional microorganisms via cultivation-independent approach 1��1 Overview 1��2 PAHs-degrading microorganisms and genes 1��3 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) 1��4 Stable isotope probing (SIP) 1��5 Metagenomics based onhigh throughput sequencing 1��6 Transcriptomics 1��7 Single-cell technology 1��8 Magnetic-nanoparticle mediated isolation (MMI) References Chapter 2 Microbial degradation of organophosphorus pesticides via pure cultivation approach�� novel degraders�� kineticsand functional genes 2��1 Overview 2��2 Isolation and characterization of OPs-degrading microorganisms 2��3 Effects of pH and temperature on OPs biodegradation 2��4 Kinetic analysis of OPs degradation 2��5 Identification of OPs-degrading genes 2��6 Genotoxicityassessment of OPs and their degradation products by the whole-cell bioreporter ADP1_recA 65 2��7 Future prospectives References Chapter 3 Unraveling uncultivable pesticide degraders via stable isotope probing (SIP) 3��1 Overview 3��1��1 Application and impactsof pesticides 3��1��2 Microbial degradation of pesticides 3��2 Stable isotope probing for identifying functional microbes 3��2��1 Principles of stable isotope probing 3��2��2 SIP as a promising tool in identifying functional microbes 3��3 Application of SIP in identifyingactive pesticide degraders and studying bacterial diversity and function 3��3��1 Direct application with stable isotope labeled pesticide 3��3��2 Application with stable isotope in pesticide metabolites and similar compounds 3��4 Technical details of applying DNA-SIPin identifying functional pesticide degraders 3��4��1 In situ inoculation 3��4��2 Extraction and fractionation 3��4��3 Sequencing and analysis 3��5 Combination of DNA-SIP with other techniques 3��5��1 Coupling with sequencing-based approaches 3��5��2 Coupling with singlecell techniques 3��5��3 Coupling with other approaches for unraveling microbial functions 3��6 Challenges and perspectives References Chapter 4 Identification of chlorpyrifos-degrading microorganisms in farmland soils via cultivation-independent and -dependentapproaches 4��1 Overview 4��2 CPF biodegradation in soil 4��2 MNPs synthesis and functionalization of soils 4��3 Microorganisms responsible for CPF biodegradation identified by MMI 4��3 Isolation of CPF-degraders by pure cultivation 4��4 Identification of organophosphorushydrolase (OPH) genes affected in CPF metabolism 4��5 The degradation metabolite of CPF 4��6 Comparison between the degraders isolated via MMI and pure cultivation 4��7 Future prospectives References Chapter 5 Negative correlations between cultivable and uncultivablepyrene degraders explain bioaugmentation postpone 5��1 Overview 5��2 Biodegradation and bioaugmentation performance 5��3 Microbial community diversity and structure during pyrene degradation process 5��4 Pyrene degraders revealed by cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independentmethods 5��5 Intra-correlation within soil bacterial community 5��6 Dynamics of pyrene dioxygenase encoding genes 5��7 Metabolites and degradation pathway of pyrene 5��8 Comparative analysis of the bioaugmentation performance of PAHs degraders isolated via MMIand pure cultivation 5��9 Future prospectives References