Ӣ�Z�W�gՓ�Č����VҪ:an essential guide

PART �� GENERAL FEATURES OF ACADEMlC WRITING Chapter 1 Academic Writing��An Introduction 1.1 Academic Writing��A Definition 1.2 Characteristics of Good Academic Writing 1.2a Good Writing Calls for Critical Reading and Critical Thinking 1.2b Good Writing Involves Thoughtful Revision 1.2c Good Writing Is Directed Toward an Audience 1.2d Good Writing Achieves a Clear Purpose 1.2e Good Writing Expresses Ideas Clearly 1.2f Good Writing Pulses with Creativity Chapter 2 Kinds of Academic Writing 2.1 Writing to Summarize 2.2 Writing to Synthesize 2.3 Writing to Explain 2.3a Writing to Inform 2.3b Writing to Explain Processes 2.3c Writing to Explain Concepts 2.4 Writing to Argue 2.4a The Logical Appeal 2.4b The Emotional Appeal 2.4c The Ethical Appeal 2.4d Five Basic Components 2.5 Writing to Propose 2.6 Writing to Analyze 2.7 Writing to Evaluate Chapter 3 The Rhetorical Context and Characteristics of Academic Writing 3.1 The Rhetorical Context 3.1a Topic or Subject 3.1b Audience 3.1c Purpose and Role 3.2 Characteristics of Academic Papers PART �� PROCESS OF EFFECTIVE ACADEMIC WRITING Chapter 4 Finding a Topic 4.1 Process of Writing 4.2 Assessing Your Prior Interest and Knowledge 4.3 Narrowing the Topic��Creating a G00d Title 4.4 Techniques for Inventing 4.4a Freewriting 4.4b Brainstorming 4.4c Branching 4.4d Cubing 4.4e Questioning or Journalistic Formula 4.5 Generating New Ideas by Critical Reading Chapter 5 Researching the Topic 5.1 Field Research 5.1a Observing 5.1b Interviewing 5.1c Using Questionnaire 5.2 Library Research 5.2a Library Sources and Materials 5.2b Taking Notes 5.3 Internet Research 5.4 Keeping Track of Your Research 5.5 A Six-Step Approach to Research Chapter 6 Outlining 6.1 The Structure of a Paper 6.2 Sorting Out Your Notes and Other Materials 6.3 Outlining 6.3a Draft Outline 6.3b Formal Outline 6.3c Two Commonly Used Patterns of Formal Outlines 6.4 Formulating the Thesis Statement Chapter 7 Drafting��Revising��Editing and Proofreading 7.1 Drafting 7.2 Revising 7.2a Revising for Content and Organization-Macro-revision 7.2b Revising for Details-Micro-revision 7.3 Final Editing and Proofreading PART �� STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE ACADEMIC WRlTING Chapter 8 Organizing the Paper 8.1 Five Basic Organizational Patterns 8.1a General.to��Specific��Abstract��to-Concrete 8.1b Specific.to.General��Concrete.to��Abstract 8.1c Order of Importance 8.1d Chronological Order 8.1e Spatial Order 8.If Other Organizational Patterns 8.2 Introduction 8.2 a Narrative 8.2 b Descriptive 8.2 c Preparatory 8.2 d Corrective 8.2 e Inquisitive 8.2 f Stating a Problem 8.2 g Giving a Surprising Fact or Statistics 8.2 h Using a Striking Quote 8.3 Conclusion 8.3a Restating the Main Points 8.3b Referring Back to the Thesis(and the Introduction) 8.3c Suggesti.ng a Solution��F(xi��n)urther Study��or Predicting an Out 8.3d Giving a Humorous Comment or Unexpected Twist 8.3e Using a Striking or Memorable Quote Chapter 9 Strategies for Development 9.1 Definition 9.1a Sentence Definition 9.1b Extended Definition 9.1c Historical Definition 9.1d Stipulative Definition 9.2 Classification 9.2a Choosing the Principle(s)to C1assifv 9.2b Testing the Effectiveness 9.2c Explaining Each Subgroup 9.3 Example 9.3a Relevant Examples 9.3b Specific Examples 9.3c Sufficient Examples 9.4 Comparison and Contrast 9.4a Points for Comparing and Contrasting 9.4b Two Ways for Organizing Comparisoun and Contrast 9.4c Transitional Words and Phrases 9.5 Cause and Effect 9.5a Distinguishing Between Cause and Effect 9.5b Necessity��Sufficiency��and Mill��s Methods 9.5c Organizing Cause and Effect Analvsis 9.5d Transitional words and Phrase��for Cause-and Effect Analysis 9.6 Generalization 9.7 Visual Elements Chapter 10 Use of Sources and Documentation 10.1 Importance of Using and Documenting Sources 10.2 Three Ways to Use Sources 10.3 Styles of Documentation 10.4 MLA Style 10.4a In.text Citation 10.4b Explanatory Notes 10.4c List of Works Cited 10.5 APA Style 10.5a In.text Citation 10.5b Explanatory Notes 10.5c List of References or Bibliography 10.6 ���ą����īI��ʽ Appendix��Sample Student Academic Writings Works Cited and Consulted