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Chapter 1 Introduction 001
1��1 Background 002
1��2 Motivation 004
1��3 Outline 007
Chapter 2 Study of the filtration performance of multi-fiber filters 009
2��1 Introduction 011
2��2 Model of multi-fiber filters 014
2��2��1 Geometric model and simulation method of multi-fiber filters 014
2��2��2 Model validation 016
2��3 Filtration efficiency and its optimization 020
2��3��1 Comparison of filtration performance between parallel and
staggered designs 020
2��3��2 Filtration efficiency at different face velocities and particle
diameters 022
2��3��3 Filtration performance of layered filters with the same total SVF 024
2��3��4 Optimization of pressure drop and filtration efficiency 025
2��4 Conclusion 028
References 030
Chapter 3 Study of particle rebound and deposition on fiber surface 034
3��1 Introduction 036
3��2 Models of flow field and particle movement 041
3��2��1 Flow field and particle movement 041
3��2��2 Particle rebound model 044
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3��3 Particle transport and deposition 048
3��3��1 Effect of particle rebounds on particle deposition 048
3��3��2 Effects of face velocity on particle deposition 050
3��3��3 Effects of particle diameter on particle deposition 052
3��3��4 Filtration efficiency of a single fiber 054
3��4 Conclusion 057
References 059
Chapter 4 Investigation of the flow-field in the upper respiratory system
when wearing N95 FFR 064
4��1 Introduction 066
4��2 Modeling of full breathing cycles 068
4��2��1 Flow field reverse modeling 068
4��2��2 CFD simulation of a full breathing cycle 071
4��3 Flow field of a full breathing cycle 074
4��3��1 Flow characteristics of a full breathing cycle 074
4��3��2 CO2 volume fraction 075
4��3��3 Temperature distribution inside FFR cavity 077
4��3��4 Pressure and wall shear stress inside upper respiratory airway 079
4��4 Discussion 082
4��5 Conclusion 085
References 086
Chapter 5 Investigation of water vapor condensation on the inner surface
of N95 FFR 089
5��1 Introduction 091
5��2 CFD modeling of water vapor condensation 093
5��2��1 Model of water vapor condensation 093
5��2��2 CFD-setup and boundary conditions of water vapor condensation 093
5��3 Water vapor condensation on the inner surface of N95 FFR 097
5��3��1 Effects of different environmental temperatures 099
5��3��2 Effects of different breathing velocities 102
5��3��3 Effects of different breathing frequencies 104
5��4 Discussion 108
5��5 Conclusion 110
References 111
Chapter 6 Effect of vapor condensation on micro-climate in the deadspace
of N95 FFR 113
6��1 Introduction 115
6��2 CFD modeling of vapor condensation 117
6��2��1 Model of vapor condensation 117
6��2��2 CFD-setup and boundary conditions of vapor condensation 118
6��2��3 FFR performance and vapor condensation distribution 120
6��3 Experiment of micro-climate inside N95 FFR 126
6��3��1 Experiment of temperature and relative humidity measuring
inside FFR 127
6��3��2 Experiment of bacteria accounting on the inner surface of FFR 129
6��4 Conclusion 133
References 134
Chapter 7 Investigation of movement characteristics and respiratory
deposition of indoor cigarette particles 136
7��1 Introduction 138
7��2 Model of particle movement and respiratory deposition 141
7��2��1 Description of room�� human and particles system 141
7��2��2 CFD model of cigarette particles deposition 143
7��2��3 PM2��5 measurement 146
7��3 Flow field and cigarette particles deposition 147
7��4 Conclusion 155
References 156
Chapter 8 An improved FFR design with a ventilation fan�� CFD simulation
and validation 159
8��1 Introduction 161
8��2 Improved FFR design and CFD simulation 163
8��2��1 Improved FFR design 163
8��2��2 Simulation method of flow field in FFR 164
8��3 Performance of the ventilation fan and its effects 169
8��3��1 Flow characteristics of the ventilation fan 169
8��3��2 Effects of fan orientation 170
8��3��3 Experiment on temperature of headform and FFR 172
8��4 Conclusion 177
References 178
Chapter 9 Design of the FFR with an intelligent control fan 181
9��1 Introduction 183
9��2 Improved FFR design 184
9��3 Design of intelligent control system 186
9��4 Test results of FFR performance 189
9��5 Discussion 193
9��6 Conclusion 194
References 195
Chapter 10 Study of contact characteristics between a respirator
and a headform 196
10��1 Introduction 198
10��2 Models and methods of contact characteristics between a
respirator and a headform 202
10��2��1 Geometric models of headform and respirator 202
10��2��2 Simulation methods of contact characteristics 205
10��3 Contact characteristics between a respirator and a headform 208
10��4 Conclusion 214
References 216
Chapter 11 The effects of facial expressions on respirators fit 218
11��1 Introduction 220
11��2 Models and methods of facial expressions 223
11��2��1 FE models of the headfrom and respirator 223
11��2��2 Simulation methods of facial expressions 225
11��3 Effects of facial expressions on respirators fit 227
11��4 Conclusion 234
References 236
Chapter 12 Customized design and 3D printing of face seal for an N95 FFR 238
12��1 Introduction 240
12��2 Design�� manufacture and test of customized face seals 242
12��2��1 3D laser scanning of human headform 243
12��2��2 Customized design of FFR face seal 243
12��2��3 3D printing of the FFR face seal 245
12��2��4 Experiment setup and procedures 245
12��3 Contact characteristics between the FFR and headform 249
12��4 Discussion 253
12��5 Conclusion 255
References 256