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chapter 1 linguistics and language��1.1 what is linguistics?��1.1.1 definition of linguistics��1.1.2 the process of linguistic study��1.1.3 the scope of linguistics��1.1.4 important distinctions in linguistics��1.2 language��1.2.1 why study language?��1.2.2 what is language?��1.2.3 design features of language��1.2.4 functions of language��exercises��further reading��referenceschapter 1 linguistics and language1.1 what is linguistics?1.1.1 definition of linguistics1.1.2 the process of linguistic study1.1.3 the scope of linguistics1.1.4 important distinctions in linguistics1.2 language1.2.1 why study language?1.2.2 what is language?1.2.3 design features of language1.2.4 functions of languageexercisesfurther readingreferences chapter 2 speech sounds2.1 phonetics2.1.1 what is phonetics?2.1.2 speech organs2.1.3 segments, divergences, and phonetic transcription2.1.4 classification of english speech sounds2.2 phonology2.2.1 what is phonology?2.2.2 phone, phoneme, and allophone2.2.3 phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair2.2.4 some rules in phonology2.2.5 suprasegmental featuresexercisesfurther readingreferences chapter 3 morphology3.1 what is morphology?3.1.1 morpheme3.1.2 morphemes and syllables3.1.3 types of morphemes3.2 what is word?3.2.1 word class3.2.2 word formation process3.2.3 collocationexercisesfurther readingreferences chapter 4 syntax4.1 what is syntax?4.1.1 word-level categories4.1.2 phrase categories4.1.3 phrase structure rule4.1.4 sentences (the s rule)4.2 the process of syntax4.2.1 the traditional approach4.2.2 the structural approach4.2.3 the generative approach4.2.4 the functional approachexercisesfurther readingreferences chapter 5 meaning5.1 semantics5.1.1 the study of meaning5.1.2 major sense relations between words5.1.3 major sense relations between sentences5.1.4 analysis of meaning5.2 pragmatics5.2.1 what is pragmatics?5.2.2 pragmatics vs.semantics5.2.3 speech act theory5.2.4 principle of conversation5.2.5 conversational analysisexercisesfurther readingreferences chapter 6 schools of modern linguistics6.1 ferdinand de saussure6.1.1 saussure and his book6.1.2 saussure's linguistic theories6.2 american structuralism6.2.1 franz boas6.2.2 edward sapir6.2.3 leonard bloomfield6.3 the prague school6.3.1 phonological oppositions6.3.2 functional sentence perspective (fsp)6.4 the london school6.4.1 malinowski's theories6.4.2 firth's theories6.4.3 halliday and systemic-functional grammar6.5 noam chomsky and transformational-generative grammar6.5.1 noam chomsky6.5.2 chomsky's innateness hypothesis6.5.3 transformational-generative grammar6.6 cognitive linguistics6.6.1 the nature of cognitive linguistics6.6.2 cognitive semantics and cognitive approaches to grammarexercisesfurther readingreferences chapter 7 language acquisition7.1 first language acquisition7.1.1 a behaviorist view of first language acquisition7.1.2 a nativist view of first language acquisition7.1.3 an interactionist view of first language acquisition7.2 second language acquisition7.2.1 contrastive analysis7.2.2 error analysis7.2.3 interlanguage7.2.4 communicative competence7.2.5 communication strategies in l2 use7.2.6 individual learner differencesexercisesfurther readingreferences chapter 8 language and culture8.1 what is culture?8.1.1 definition8.1.2 cultural images8.1.3 functions and characteristics of culture8.2 language and culture8.2.1 the relation between language and culture8.2.2 linguistic evidence of cultural differences8.2.3 language-cultural teaching and learningexercisesfurther readingreferences chapter 9 language and style9.1 the definition of stylistics9.2 the definition of style9.2.1 style as the man9.2.2 style as choice9.2.3 style as deviation9.2.4 style as foregrounding9.3 deviation9.3.1 phonological deviation9.3.2 graphological deviation9.3.3 lexical deviation9.3.4 grammatical deviation9.3.5 semantic deviation9.4 overregularity9.4.1 phonological overregularity9.4.2 lexical and grammatical overregularity exercises further reading references